What is Strength?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51224/SRXIV.467Keywords:
Effort, Physical effort, Strength, Ability, Strength sports, Strongman, muscle strengthAbstract
In this paper we argue that physical strength is in philosophical terms best understood as general agentive ability to exercise difficult physical effort. We develop this metaphysical claim about strength, by focusing on the historically developed most paradigmatic test of overall strength: The sport of Strong (Wo)Man. We extract the understanding of strength present in this sport, and show how the current philosophical agents' abilities, and physical effort, lend themselves to capture the essential features of strength, providing the justification for our claim. Finally we argue that strongman itself is already surprisingly well thought through to assess strength, balancing different tradeoffs that exist when quantitatively attempting to measure strength, making it a robust epistemic tool to determine strength in an interdisciplinary manner.
Metrics
References
Armstrong, D., Martin, C. B. & Place, U. T. (eds.) (1996). Dispositions: A Debate. New York:
Routledge.
Barbend. (2017). Opinion: Why the 2017 World’s Strongest Man Controversies Are Overblown.
[online] BarBend. Available at: https://barbend.com/2017-worlds-strongest-man-controversies/
[Accessed 20 Sep. 2024].
Bermúdez, J. P. & Massin, O. (2022). Efforts and their feelings. Philosophy Compass, 18
(1):e12894. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12894
Berofsky, Bernard (2001). Ifs, cans, and free will: The issues. In Robert Kane (ed.), The Oxford
Handbook of Free Will. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bonini, G., 2001. London: the cradle of modern weightlifting. Sports Historian, 21(1), 56-70.
Boucher, L. and Heffernan, C., (2024). A great weight lifted the history of the British Amateur
Weight-lifting Association. Sport in History, 44(3), 369-393.
Buckner, S. L., Jessee, M. B., Mattocks, K. T., Mouser, J. G., Counts, B. R., Dankel, S. J., &
de Vignemont, Frédérique & Massin, Olivier (2015). Touch. In Mohan Matthen (ed.), The Oxford
Handbook of the Philosophy of Perception. New York, NY: Oxford University Press UK.
de Vignemont, F. & Massin, O. (2015). Touch. In Mohan Matthen (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of
the Philosophy of Perception. New York, NY: Oxford University Press UK.
Douglas, J., Pearson, S., Ross, A., & McGuigan, M. (2017). Eccentric Exercise: Physiological
Characteristics and Acute Responses. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 47(4), 663–675.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0624-8
Edmunds, D. 2019. Giants and Legends. Edmunds: Glasgow.
Fair, J.D., 1999. Muscletown USA: Bob Hoffman and the manly culture of York Barbell. Penn
State Press.
Fair, J.D., 2001. The tragic history of the military press in Olympic and world championship
competition, 1928-1972. Journal of Sport History, 28(3), 345-374.
González-Badillo, J. J., & Sánchez-Medina, L. (2010). Movement velocity as a measure of
loading intensity in resistance training. International journal of sports medicine, 31(5), 347–352.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1248333
Hearn, W. E. (1864). Plutology, or, The Theory of the Efforts to Satisfy Human Wants.
Macmillan.
Heffernan, C., 2022. State of the field: Physical culture. History, 107(374), 143-162.
Herzog, W., Powers, K., Johnston, K., & Duvall, M. (2015). A new paradigm for muscle
contraction. Frontiers in physiology, 6, 174. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2015.00174
Hindle, B. R., Lorimer, A., Winwood, P., & Keogh, J. W. L. (2019). The Biomechanics and
Applications of Strongman Exercises: a Systematic Review. Sports medicine - open, 5(1), 49.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-019-0222-z
Honoré, A. M. (1964). Can and can't. Mind 73 (292), 463-479.
Jaster, R. (2020). Agents’ Abilities. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter.
John, Y. J., Caldwell, L., McCoy, D. E., & Braganza, O. (2024). Dead rats, dopamine,
performance metrics, and peacock tails: Proxy failure is an inherent risk in goal-oriented
systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 47, e67. doi:10.1017/S0140525X23002753
Kent, G., 2012. The Strongest Men on Earth: When the Muscle Men Ruled Show Business.
Biteback Publishing.
Kind, A., & Helms, E. R. (2023). Is bodybuilding a sport? Journal of the Philosophy of Sport,
(2), 281–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2023.2234978
Kruglanski, A. W. ; Bélanger, J. J. ; Chen, Xiaoyan ; Köpetz, Catalina ; Pierro, Antonio & Kyle,
D.G., 2014. Sport and spectacle in the ancient world. John Wiley & Sons.
Loenneke, J. P. (2017). Determining Strength: A Case for Multiple Methods of Measurement.
Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 47(2), 193–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0580-3
Mackie, J. L. (1973). Truth, Probability and Paradox: Studies in Philosophical Logic. Clarendon
Press.
Mackie, J. L. (1977). Dispositions, grounds, and causes. Synthese 34 (4):361 - 369.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00485646
Mannetti, Lucia (2012). The energetics of motivated cognition: A force-field analysis.
Psychological Review 119 (1):1-20. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025488
Massin, O. (2017). Towards a Definition of Efforts. Motivation Science 3 (3):230-259.
https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000066
Massin, O. (2024). The nature and difficulty of physical efforts. Synthese 203 (6):1-24.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-024-04572-5
Mele, A. R. (2003). Motivation and agency. New York: Oxford University Press.
Millikan, R. G. (2000). On Clear and Confused Ideas: An Essay About Substance Concepts.
Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ortega Y. Gasset, J. (1956). The dehumanization of art, and other writings on art and culture.
Garden City, N.Y.,: Doubleday & Company.
Prior, E. W. ; Pargetter, R. & Jackson, F. (1982). Three theses about dispositions. American
Philosophical Quarterly 19 (3):251-257.
Schödl, G., 1995. The lost past:[concealed or forgotten?]:[a story of the International
Weightlifting Federation]. IWF.
Sellars, W. (1956). Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind. Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy
of Science, 1(19), 253–329.
Todd, J., Morais, D.G., Pollack, B. and Todd, T., 2015. Shifting gear: A historical analysis of the
use of supportive apparel in powerlifting. Iron Game History, 13(2-3), 37-56.
Todd, T. 2002. The Arnold Strength Summit. Iron Game History, 7 (2&3), 1-21.
Warneke, K., Wagner, C. M., Keiner, M., Hillebrecht, M., Schiemann, S., Behm, D. G., Wallot,
S., & Wirth, K. (2023). Maximal strength measurement: A critical evaluation of common
methods-a narrative review. Frontiers in sports and active living, 5, 1105201.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1105201
Warpeha, J., 2015. A History of Powerlifting in the United States: 50 Years after York. USA
Powerlifting Minnesota.
Webster. D. 1993. Sons of Samson. Webster: Glasgow.
Webster. D. 1997. Sons of Samson II. Webster: Glasgow.
Whittle, Ann (2010). Dispositional Abilities. Philosophers' Imprint, 10 (12), 1-23.
Downloads
Posted
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Adrian Kind, Walter Veit, Eric Helms, Conor Heffernan (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.