The Resistance Training Dose-Response: Meta-Regressions Exploring the Effects of Weekly Volume and Frequency on Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength Gain
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51224/SRXIV.460Keywords:
Resistance Training, Muscle Hypertrophy, Maximal Strength, Volume, Frequency, Meta-AnalysisAbstract
Background: Weekly set volume and frequency are used to manipulate resistance training
(RT) dosage. Previous research has identified higher weekly set volume as enhancing
muscle hypertrophy and strength gains, but the nature of the dose-response relationship
still needs to be investigated. Mixed evidence exists regarding the effects of higher weekly
frequency.
Objective: Before meta-analyzing the volume and frequency research, all contributing RT
sets were classified as direct or indirect, depending on their specificity to the
hypertrophy/strength measurement. Then, weekly set volume/frequency for indirect sets
was quantified as 1 for ‘total,’ 0.5 for ‘fractional,’ and 0 for ‘direct.’ A series of multi-level
meta-regressions were performed for muscle hypertrophy and strength, utilizing 67 total
studies of 2,058 participants. All models were adjusted for the duration of the intervention
and training status.
Results: The relative evidence for the ‘fractional’ quantification method was strongest;
therefore, this quantification method was used for the primary meta-regression models.
The posterior probability of the marginal slope exceeding zero for the effect of volume on
both hypertrophy and strength was 100%, indicating that gains in muscle size and strength
increase as volume increases. However, both best fit models suggest diminishing returns,
with the diminishing returns for strength being considerably more pronounced. The
posterior probability of the marginal slope exceeding zero for frequency’s effect on
hypertrophy was less than 100%, indicating compatibility with negligible effects. In contrast,
the posterior probability for strength was 100%, suggesting strength gains increase with
increasing frequency, albeit with diminishing returns.
Conclusions: Distinguishing between direct and indirect sets appears essential for
predicting adaptations to a given RT protocol, such as using the ‘fractional’ quantification
method. This method’s dose-response models revealed that volume and frequency have
unique dose-response relationships with each hypertrophy and strength gain. The
dose-response relationship between volume and hypertrophy appears to differ from that
with strength, with the latter exhibiting more pronounced diminishing returns. The
dose-response relationship between frequency and hypertrophy appears to differ from
that with strength, as only the latter exhibits consistently identifiable effects.
Metrics
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