This is an outdated version published on 2024-08-19. Read the most recent version.
Preprint has been submitted for publication in journal
Preprint / Version 2

Cumulative evidence synthesis and consideration of "research waste" using Bayesian methods

An example updating a previous meta-analysis of self-talk interventions for sport/motor performance

##article.authors##

  • Hannah Corcoran Solent University
  • James Steele Solent University; Steele Research Ltd

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51224/SRXIV.348

Keywords:

psychological interventions, cumulative evidence, ressearch waste

Abstract

In the present paper we demonstrate the application of methods for cumulative evidence synthesis including Bayesian meta-analysis, and exploration of questionable research practices such as publication bias or p-hacking, in the sport and exercise sciences for the evaluation of experimental interventions. The use of such methods can aid in study planning and avoid "research waste". In demonstrating and discussing these methods we use the example of self-talk interventions and their effects upon sport/motor performance given a quantitative evidence synthesis has not been conducted on this topic, to the best of our knowledge, since 2011 when Hatzigeorgiadis et al. (2011) conducted their systematic review and meta-analysis. As such, this topic is ripe to use in demonstrating cumulative methods such as Bayesian updating. Therefore, our aim was to conduct an updated systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis replicating the search, inclusion, and models of Hatzigeorgiadis et al. (2011) and demonstrate the application of cumulative evidence synthesis methods including; consideration of the initial probability that a new study of the effects of self-talk interventions would shift our prior belief in their effectiveness, the application of priors taken from the previous meta-analysis to be updated by new studies identified to a new posterior estimate of effect, and consideration of other possible sources of research waste from questionable research practices such as publication bias and p-hacking. Such methods as those demonstrated here, when used prospectively, can aid researchers in determining whether further research of a particular experimental intervention is in fact warranted. Considering the limited resources and time for conducting research we hope that highlighting the application of these methods might help researchers in the field to avoid research waste and more productively direct their research efforts.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Abdoli, B., Hardy, J., Riyahi, J. F., & Farsi, A. (2018). A Closer Look at How Self-Talk Influences Skilled Basketball Performance. The Sport Psychologist, 32(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2016-0162

Arel-Bundock, V., cre, cph, Diniz, M. A., Greifer, N., & Bacher, E. (2023). marginaleffects: Predictions, Comparisons, Slopes, Marginal Means, and Hypothesis Tests (Version 0.16.0) [Computer software]. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/marginaleffects/index.html

Bartoš, F., Maier, M., Quintana, D. S., & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2022). Adjusting for Publication Bias in JASP and R: Selection Models, PET-PEESE, and Robust Bayesian Meta-Analysis. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 5(3), 25152459221109259. https://doi.org/10.1177/25152459221109259

Bartoš, F., Maier, M., Wagenmakers, E.-J., Doucouliagos, H., & Stanley, T. D. (2023). Robust Bayesian meta-analysis: Model-averaging across complementary publication bias adjustment methods. Research Synthesis Methods, 14(1), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1594

Barwood, M. J., Corbett, J., Wagstaff, C. R. D., McVeigh, D., & Thelwell, R. C. (2015). Improvement of 10-km time-trial cycling with motivational self-talk compared with neutral self-talk. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(2), 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0059

Becker, B. J. (2005). Failsafe N or File-Drawer Number. In Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis (pp. 111–125). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470870168.ch7

Beneka, A., Malliou, P., Gioftsidou, A., Kofotolis, N., Rokka, S., Mavromoustakos, S., & Godolias, G. (2013). Effects of instructional and motivational self-talk on balance performance in knee injured. European Journal of Physiotherapy, 15(2), 56–63. https://doi.org/10.3109/21679169.2013.776109

Biau, D. J., Boulezaz, S., Casabianca, L., Hamadouche, M., Anract, P., & Chevret, S. (2017). Using Bayesian statistics to estimate the likelihood a new trial will demonstrate the efficacy of a new treatment. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 17(1), 128. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-017-0401-x

Blanchfield, A. W., Hardy, J., De Morree, H. M., Staiano, W., & Marcora, S. M. (2014). Talking yourself out of exhaustion: The effects of self-talk on endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 46(5), 998–1007. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000184

Brinthaupt, T. M., & Morin, A. (2023). Self-talk: Research challenges and opportunities. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1210960

Bürkner, P.-C., Gabry, J., Weber, S., Johnson, A., Modrak, M., Badr, H. S., Weber, F., Ben-Shachar, M. S., Rabel, H., Mills, S. C., & Wild, S. (2023). brms: Bayesian Regression Models using ‘Stan’ (Version 2.20.4) [Computer software]. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/brms/index.html

Cabral, L. L., da Silva, C. K., Delisle-Rodriguez, D., Lima-Silva, A. E., Galanis, E., Bertollo, M., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Villarejo-Mayor, J. J., & Pereira, G. (2023). Motivational self-talk mitigates the harmful impact of mental fatigue on endurance performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 0(0), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2023.2208643

Chambers, C. D., & Tzavella, L. (2022). The past, present and future of Registered Reports. Nature Human Behaviour, 6(1), 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01193-7

Chang, Y.-K., Ho, L.-A., Lu, F. J.-H., Ou, C.-C., Song, T.-F., & Gill, D. L. (2014). Self-talk and softball performance: The role of self-talk nature, motor task characteristics, and self-efficacy in novice softball players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(1), 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.004

Cheung, M. W.-L. (2015). Meta-Analysis: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. John Wiley & Sons.

Cheung, M. W.-L. (2021). Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190224851.013.225

Clarke, M., Brice, A., & Chalmers, I. (2014). Accumulating Research: A Systematic Account of How Cumulative Meta-Analyses Would Have Provided Knowledge, Improved Health, Reduced Harm and Saved Resources. PLoS ONE, 9(7), e102670. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102670

de Matos, L. F., Bertollo, M., Stefanello, J. M. F., Pires, F. O., da Silva, C. K., Nakamura, F. Y., & Pereira, G. (2021). Motivational self-talk improves time-trial swimming endurance performance in amateur triathletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(3), 446–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2020.1717576

Eronen, M. I., & Bringmann, L. F. (2021). The Theory Crisis in Psychology: How to Move Forward. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(4), 779–788. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620970586

Flake, J. K., & Fried, E. I. (2020). Measurement Schmeasurement: Questionable Measurement Practices and How to Avoid Them. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 3(4), 456–465. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245920952393

Friese, M., & Frankenbach, J. (2020). P-Hacking and publication bias interact to distort meta-analytic effect size estimates. Psychological Methods, 25(4), 456–471. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000246

Galanis, E., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Charachousi, F., Latinjak, A. T., Comoutos, N., & Theodorakis, Y. (2022). Strategic Self-Talk Assists Basketball Free Throw Performance Under Conditions of Physical Exertion. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2022.892046

Galanis, E., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Comoutos, N., Charachousi, F., & Sanchez, X. (2018). From the Lab to the Field: Effects of Self-Talk on Task Performance Under Distracting Conditions. The Sport Psychologist, 32(1), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0017

Galanis, E., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Comoutos, N., Papaioannou, A., Morres, I. D., & Theodorakis, Y. (2022). Effects of a strategic self-talk intervention on attention functions. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20(5), 1368–1382. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2021.1963304

Galanis, E., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., & Theodorakis, Y. (2016). Chapter 8 - Why Self-Talk Is Effective? Perspectives on Self-Talk Mechanisms in Sport. In M. Raab, P. Wylleman, R. Seiler, A.-M. Elbe, & A. Hatzigeorgiadis (Eds.), Sport and Exercise Psychology Research (pp. 181–200). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803634-1.00008-X

Galanis, E., Papagiannis, E., Nurkse, L., Theodorakis, Y., & Hatzigeorgiadis, A. (2023). The effects of strategic self-talk on divided attention following physical exhaustion. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21(5), 883–893. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2022.2090989

Geurts, B. (2018). Making Sense of Self Talk. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 9(2), 271–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-017-0375-y

Glasziou, P., & Chalmers, I. (2018). Research waste is still a scandal—An essay by Paul Glasziou and Iain Chalmers. BMJ, 363, k4645. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k4645

Grainger, M. J., Bolam, F. C., Stewart, G. B., & Nilsen, E. B. (2020). Evidence synthesis for tackling research waste. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 4(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1141-6

Gregersen, J., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Galanis, E., Comoutos, N., & Papaioannou, A. (2017). Countering the Consequences of Ego Depletion: The Effects of Self-Talk on Selective Attention. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 39(3), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2016-0265

Gronau, Q. F., Singmann, H., & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2020). bridgesampling: An R Package for Estimating Normalizing Constants. Journal of Statistical Software, 92, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v092.i10

Gunnell, K., Poitras, V. J., & Tod, D. (2020). Questions and answers about conducting systematic reviews in sport and exercise psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(1), 297–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2019.1695141

Hagger, M. (2022). Meta-analysis. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(1), 120–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1966824

Hagger, M. S. (2006). Meta-analysis in sport and exercise research: Review, recent developments, and recommendations. European Journal of Sport Science, 6(2), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390500528527

Hagger, M. S., & Hamilton, K. (2024). Testing theory predictions and intervention mechanisms of action in sport and exercise psychology using meta-analysis. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, No Pagination Specified-No Pagination Specified. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000352

Hardy, J., Comoutos, N., & Hatzigeorgiadis, A. (2018). Reflections on the Maturing Research Literature of Self-Talk in Sport: Contextualizing the Special Issue. The Sport Psychologist, 32(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0141

Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Bartura, K., Argiropoulos, C., Comoutos, N., Galanis, E., & D. Flouris, A. (2018). Beat the Heat: Effects of a Motivational Self-Talk Intervention on Endurance Performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 30(4), 388–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2017.1395930

Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Galanis, E., Zourbanos, N., & Theodorakis, Y. (2014). Self-talk and Competitive Sport Performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26(1), 82–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2013.790095

Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Galanis, E., & Theodorakis, Y. (2011). Self-Talk and Sports Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 6(4), 348–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611413136

Heene, M. (2010). A brief history of the Fail Safe Number in Applied Research (arXiv:1010.2326). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1010.2326

Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., & Spiegelhalter, D. J. (2009). A re-evaluation of random-effects meta-analysis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A, (Statistics in Society), 172(1), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-985X.2008.00552.x

Hong, X., Liao, Y., Shi, Y., Qi, C., Zhao, M., & Raalte, J. L. V. (2020). An Empirical Test of the Self-Talk Dissonance Hypothesis: The Effects of Self-Talk Overtness and Personality on Performance. The Sport Psychologist, 34(3), 173–176. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2019-0134

Jeffreys, H. (1998). The Theory of Probability. OUP Oxford.

Kay, M., & Mastny, T. (2023). tidybayes: Tidy Data and ‘Geoms’ for Bayesian Models (Version 3.0.6) [Computer software]. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tidybayes/index.html

Kolovelonis, A., Goudas, M., & Dermitzaki, I. (2011). The effects of instructional and motivational self-talk on students’ motor task performance in physical education. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(2), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.09.002

Kruschke, J. K., & Liddell, T. M. (2018). The Bayesian New Statistics: Hypothesis testing, estimation, meta-analysis, and power analysis from a Bayesian perspective. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(1), 178–206. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1221-4

Lakens, D. (2023). Concerns about Replicability, Theorizing, Applicability, Generalizability, and Methodology across Two Crises in Social Psychology. OSF. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dtvs7

Landau, W. M., Warkentin, M. T., Edmondson, M., Oliver, S., Mahr, T., & Company, E. L. and. (2023). targets: Dynamic Function-Oriented ’Make’-Like Declarative Pipelines (Version 1.3.2) [Computer software]. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/targets/index.html

Lane, A. M., Totterdell, P., MacDonald, I., Devonport, T. J., Friesen, A. P., Beedie, C. J., Stanley, D., & Nevill, A. (2016). Brief Online Training Enhances Competitive Performance: Findings of the BBC Lab UK Psychological Skills Intervention Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00413

Latinjak, A. T., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Comoutos, N., & Hardy, J. (2019). Speaking clearly . . . 10 years on: The case for an integrative perspective of self-talk in sport. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 8(4), 353–367. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000160

Latinjak, A. T., Morin, A., Brinthaupt, T. M., Hardy, J., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Kendall, P. C., Neck, C., Oliver, E. J., Puchalska-Wasyl, M. M., Tovares, A. V., & Winsler, A. (2023). Self-Talk: An Interdisciplinary Review and Transdisciplinary Model. Review of General Psychology, 10892680231170263. https://doi.org/10.1177/10892680231170263

Latinjak, A. T., Torregrosa, M., & Renom, J. (2011). Combining Self Talk and Performance Feedback: Their Effectiveness With Adult Tennis Players. The Sport Psychologist, 25(1), 18–31. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.25.1.18

Lee, M. D., & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2014). Bayesian Cognitive Modeling: A Practical Course. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139087759

Liu, H.-Y., Lu, F. J. H., Hsu, Y., Gill, D. L., Chiu, Y.-H., & Peng, Y.-H. (2022). Interactive Effects on Motor Performance of Mindfulness, Performance Under Pressure, Self-Talk, and Motor Task Characteristics. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 129(2), 307–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125211069042

Lochbaum, M., Stoner, E., Hefner, T., Cooper, S., Lane, A. M., & Terry, P. C. (2022). Sport psychology and performance meta-analyses: A systematic review of the literature. PloS One, 17(2), e0263408. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263408

Lund, H., Robinson, K. A., Gjerland, A., Nykvist, H., Drachen, T. M., Christensen, R., Juhl, C. B., Jamtvedt, G., Nortvedt, M., Bjerrum, M., Westmore, M., Yost, J., Brunnhuber, K., & on behalf of the Evidence-Based Research Network. (2022). Meta-research evaluating redundancy and use of systematic reviews when planning new studies in health research: A scoping review. Systematic Reviews, 11(1), 241. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-022-02096-y

Makowski, D., Lüdecke, D., Ben-Shachar

(@mattansb), M. S., Patil, I., Wilson, M. D., Wiernik, B. M., Bürkner, P.-C., Mahr, T., Singmann, H., Gronau, Q. F., & Crawley, S. (2023). bayestestR: Understand and Describe Bayesian Models and Posterior Distributions (Version 0.13.1) [Computer software]. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/bayestestR/index.html

Marshall, D. V., Hanrahan, S. J., & Comoutos, N. (2016). The Effects of Self-Talk Cues on the Putting Performance of Golfers Susceptible to Detrimental Putting Performances Under High Pressure Settings. International Journal of Golf Science, 5(2), 116–134.

McCormick, A., Meijen, C., & Marcora, S. (2018). Effects of a Motivational Self-Talk Intervention for Endurance Athletes Completing an Ultramarathon. The Sport Psychologist, 32(1), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0018

McShane, B. B., Böckenholt, U., & Hansen, K. T. (2016). Adjusting for Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis: An Evaluation of Selection Methods and Some Cautionary Notes. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(5), 730–749. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616662243

Morris, S. B. (2008). Estimating Effect Sizes From Pretest-Posttest-Control Group Designs. Organizational Research Methods, 11(2), 364–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428106291059

Moss, J., & De Bin, R. (2023). Modelling publication bias and p ‐hacking. Biometrics, 79(1), 319–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/biom.13560

Naderirad, N., Abdoli, B., Farsi, A., & Hassanlouei, H. (2023). The effect of instructional and motivational self-talk on accuracy and electromyography of active and passive muscles in elbow joint position sense test. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21(4), 600–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2022.2078854

Osman, N., Lee, E. L. Y., Malek, N. F. A., Asmi, A. M. N., Abdullah, N. F., & Nadzalan, A. M. (2022). The effects of instructional and motivational self-talk on axe kick performance in taekwondo. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology, 22(5), 42–47.

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

Panteli, F., Tsolakis, C., Efthimiou, D., & Smirniotou, A. (2013). Acquisition of the Long Jump Skill, Using Different Learning Techniques. The Sport Psychologist, 27(1), 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.27.1.40

Pedersen, T. L. (2023). patchwork: The Composer of Plots (Version 1.1.3) [Computer software]. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/patchwork/index.html

Raalte, J. L. V., Cornelius, A. E., Mullin, E. M., Brewer, B. W., Dyke, E. D. V., Johnson, A. J., & Iwatsuki, T. (2018). I Will Use Declarative Self-Talk . . . or Will I? Replication, Extension, and Meta-Analyses. The Sport Psychologist, 32(1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2016-0088

Raalte, J. L. V., Wilson, L., Cornelius, A., & Brewer, B. W. (2018). Self-Talk in a SCUBA Diving Context. The Sport Psychologist, 32(3), 244–247. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0091

Reis, D. J., Kaizer, A. M., Kinney, A. R., Bahraini, N. H., Holliday, R., Forster, J. E., & Brenner, L. A. (2023). A Practical Guide to Random-Effects Bayesian Meta-Analyses With Application to the Psychological Trauma and Suicide Literature. Psychological Trauma : Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 15(1), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001316

Rodgers, M. A., & Pustejovsky, J. E. (2021). Evaluating meta-analytic methods to detect selective reporting in the presence of dependent effect sizes. Psychological Methods, 26(2), 141–160. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000300

Rodriguez-Sanchez, F., cre, cph, Jackson, C. P., Hutchins, S. D., & Clawson, J. M. (2023). grateful: Facilitate Citation of R Packages (Version 0.2.4) [Computer software]. https://cloud.r-project.org/web/packages/grateful/index.html

Röver, C., Bender, R., Dias, S., Schmid, C. H., Schmidli, H., Sturtz, S., Weber, S., & Friede, T. (2021). On weakly informative prior distributions for the heterogeneity parameter in Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods, 12(4), 448–474. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1475

Sarig, Y., Ruiz, M. C., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Tenenbaum, G. (2023). The Effects of Instructional Self-Talk on Quiet-Eye Duration and Golf-Putting Performance. The Sport Psychologist, 37(3), 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2023-0023

Scheel, A. M., Tiokhin, L., Isager, P. M., & Lakens, D. (2021). Why Hypothesis Testers Should Spend Less Time Testing Hypotheses. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(4), 744–755. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620966795

Stanley, T. D., & Doucouliagos, H. (2014). Meta-regression approximations to reduce publication selection bias. Research Synthesis Methods, 5(1), 60–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1095

Steele, J., Fisher, J. P., Smith, D., Schoenfeld, B. J., Yang, Y., & Nakagawa, S. (2023). Meta-analysis of variation in sport and exercise science: Examples of application within resistance training research. Journal of Sports Sciences, 41(17), 1617–1634. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2023.2286748

Steinmetz, H., & Block, J. (2022). Meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM): New tricks of the trade. Management Review Quarterly, 72(3), 605–626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-022-00293-6

Tod, D., Hardy, J., & Oliver, E. (2011). Effects of self-talk: A systematic review. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 33(5), 666–687. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.5.666

Turner, M. J., Kirkham, L., & Wood, A. G. (2018). Teeing up for success: The effects of rational and irrational self-talk on the putting performance of amateur golfers. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 38, 148–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.06.012

Ushey, K., cre, Wickham, H., Software, P., & PBC. (2023). renv: Project Environments (Version 1.0.3) [Computer software]. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/renv/index.html

Van Raalte, J. L., Vincent, A., & Brewer, B. W. (2016). Self-talk: Review and sport-specific model. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.08.004

Van Raalte, J. L., Vincent, A., Dickens, Y. L., & Brewer, B. W. (2019). Toward a common language, categorization, and better assessment in self-talk research: Commentary on “Speaking clearly . . . 10 years on”. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 8(4), 368–378. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000172

Viechtbauer, W. (2023). metafor: Meta-Analysis Package for R (Version 4.4-0) [Computer software]. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/metafor/index.html

Wallace, P. J., Mckinlay, B. J., Coletta, N. A., Vlaar, J. I., Taber, M. J., Wilson, P. M., & Cheung, S. S. (2017). Effects of Motivational Self-Talk on Endurance and Cognitive Performance in the Heat. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 49(1), 191. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001087

Walter, N., Nikoleizig, L., & Alfermann, D. (2019). Effects of Self-Talk Training on Competitive Anxiety, Self-Efficacy, Volitional Skills, and Performance: An Intervention Study with Junior Sub-Elite Athletes. Sports, 7(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7060148

Weinberg, R., Miller, A., & Horn, T. (2012). The influence of a self-talk intervention on collegiate cross-country runners. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(2), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2012.645135

Wickham, H., Chang, W., Henry, L., Pedersen, T. L., Takahashi, K., Wilke, C., Woo, K., Yutani, H., Dunnington, D., Posit, & PBC. (2023). ggplot2: Create Elegant Data Visualisations Using the Grammar of Graphics (Version 3.4.4) [Computer software]. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggplot2/index.html

Williams, D. R., Rast, P., & Bürkner, P.-C. (2018). Bayesian Meta-Analysis with Weakly Informative Prior Distributions. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7tbrm

Young, A. D., Hollander, D. B., Baiamonte, B. A., Bowers, A., Hebert, E. P., & Kraemer, R. R. (2023). How Much Does Self- Talk Influence Fatigue? A Comparison of Performance, Perceived Exertion, and Neuromuscular Patterns during High-Intensity Power Cleans: International Journal of Strength and Conditioning, 3(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.47206/ijsc.v3i1.255

Zetou, E., Vernadakis, N., Bebetsos, E., & Liadakis, N. (2014). The effect of self-talk on Tae-kwon-do skills’ learning of novice athletes and perceived use of it. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 9(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2014.91.13

Zourbanos, N., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Bardas, D., & Theodorakis, Y. (2013a). The effects of a self-talk intervention on elementary students’ motor task performance. Early Child Development and Care, 183(7), 924–930. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2012.693487

Zourbanos, N., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Bardas, D., & Theodorakis, Y. (2013b). The Effects of Self-Talk on Dominant and Nondominant Arm Performance on a Handball Task in Primary Physical Education Students. The Sport Psychologist, 27(2), 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.27.2.171

Posted

2023-11-25 — Updated on 2024-08-19

Versions