Preprint has been published in a journal as an article
DOI of the published article https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2023.2234978
Preprint / Version 1

Is Bodybuilding a sport?

##article.authors##

  • Adrian Kind Humboldt Universität zu Berlin
  • Eric R. Helms Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand; Florida Atlantic University, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Boca Raton, FL, United States

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51224/SRXIV.270

Keywords:

bodybuilding, philosophy, Gymnastics, performance

Abstract

Since its beginnings, modern bodybuilding has been accompanied by the background issue of whether it should be considered a sport. A problem culminating in its provisional acceptance as a sport by the International Olympic Committee, retracted later. The uncertainty of whether bodybuilding is a sport or not seems to linger. Addressing this issue, Aranyosi (2018) provided an account to determine the status of bodybuilding as a sport that arrives at the negative answer: bodybuilding is not a sport but rather a form of artistic presentation. In this paper, we disagree with Aranyosi. We argue that by the standards he presents in his first argument, bodybuilding should be considered a sport. Further, we argue that his alternative approach on how to evaluate a discipline as more sport- or art-like on a spectrum, is not a valid basis to make such a judgment regarding bodybuilding. Further, even if his spectrum was modified to enable such a judgment, again it would result in bodybuilding being evaluated as a sport. Therefore, we conclude that everyone who accepts Aranyosi´s (or any less restrictive) requirements to decide whether bodybuilding is a sport, has to consider bodybuilding as sport or refrain from making claims about its status.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Alwan, N., S. L. Moss, K. J. Elliott-Sale, I. G. Davies, and K. A. Enright. 2019. Enright Narrative Review on Female Physique Athletes: The Physiological and Psychological Implications of Weight Management Practices. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29 (6): 682-689. Doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0037.

Aranyosi, I. 2018. Body, skill, and look: is bodybuilding a sport?. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 17 (2): 401–410. Doi: 10.1007/s11097-017-9513-3.

Chapman, D. L. 1994. Sandow the magnificent: Eugen Sandow and the beginnings of bodybuilding. Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

Society of Sports Nutrition 19 (1): 505-528. Doi: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2108333. Cervin, G., C, Nicolas, S. Dufraisse, A. Bohuon, and G. Quin. 2017. Gymnastics’ centre of gravity: the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique, its governance and the Cold War, 1956–1976. Sport in History 37(3): 309-331. Doi: 10.1080/17460263.2017.1363081

Dietz, C., and B. Peterson. 2012. Triphasic training: A systematic approach to elite speed and explosive strength performance. Hudson, WI, USA: Dietz Sport Enterprise.

Fair, J. D. 1999. Muscletown USA: Bob Hoffman and the manly culture of York Barbell. Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press.

Fair, J. D. 2015. Mr. America: The tragic history of a bodybuilding icon. Texas: University of Texas Press.

FIDE (FÉDÉRATION INTERNATIONALE DE GYMNASTIQUE). 2022. “Technical Regulations 2022”. Accessed 15 February 2023. https://www.gymnastics.sport/publicdir/rules/files/en_2022%20Technical%20Regulations.pdf

Gallagher, S. 1986. Lived Body and Environment. Research in Phenomenology, 16: 139–170. Doi: 10.1163/156916486X00103

George, B., G. Charles (directors). 1977. Pumping Iron (Movie). White Mountain Films (Production). Accessed 15 February 2023. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0076578/

Heffernan, C. 2022. State of the Field: Physical Culture. History 107 (374): 143-162. Doi: 10.1111/1468-229X.13258.

IFBB (International Fitness and Bodybuilding Federation). 2019. “IFBB RULES SECTION 4: WOMEN’S FITNESS. 2019 EDITION”. Accessed 15 February 2023. https://ifbb.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Women-Fitness-Rules-2019.pdf

IFBB (International Fitness and Bodybuilding Federation). 2021a. “IFBB RULES SECTION 2: MEN’S BODYBUILDING, 2021 EDITION”. Accessed 15 February 2023. https://ifbb.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Mens-Bodybuilding-Rules-2021.pdf

IFBB (International Fitness and Bodybuilding Federation). 2021b. “IFBB RULES SECTION 2: MEN’S BODYBUILDING, 2021 EDITION”. Accessed 15 February 2023. https://ifbb.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Mens-Bodybuilding-Rules-2021.pdf

IFBB (International Fitness and Bodybuilding Federation). 2021c. “IFBB RULES SECTION 16: MEN’S CLASSIC PHYSIQUE, 2021 EDITION”. Accessed 15 February 2023. https://ifbb.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Mens-Classic-Physique-2021.pdf

IFBB (International Fitness and Bodybuilding Federation). 2021d. “IFBB RULES SECTION 9: MEN’S PHYSIQUE & MUSCULAR MEN’S PHYSIQUE 2021 EDITION”. Accessed 15 February 2023. https://ifbb.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Mens-Physique-2021.pdf

IFBB (International Fitness and Bodybuilding Federation). 2021e. “IFBB RULES SECTION 5: MEN FITNESS, 2021 EDITION”. Accessed 15 February 2023. https://ifbb.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Mens-Fitness-Rules-2021-F.................pdf

IFBB (International Fitness and Bodybuilding Federation). 2023. IFBB RULES SECTION 7: WOMEN’S BIKINI, UPDATED JANUARY 2023. Accessed 15 February 2023. https://ifbb.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Women-Bikini-Rules-2023-ok.pdf

Liokaftos, D. 2017. Professional bodybuilding and the business of ‘extreme’ bodies: the Mr Olympia competition in the context of Las Vegas’s leisure industries. Sport in History 34 (2): 173-194. Doi: 10.1080/17460263.2014.923731.

Merleau-Ponty, M. [1945] 1962. Phenomenology of Perception, trans. Colin Smith. London, England: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

McBride, F. 1975. Toward a non-definition of sport. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 2(1): 4–11. Doi: 10.1080/00948705.1975.10654092.

Morgan, W. J. 1977. Some Aristotelian notes on the attempt to define sport. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 4 (1): 15–35. Doi: 10.1080/00948705.1977.10654125.

Oranchuk D. J., A. G. Storey, A. R. Nelson, J. B. Cronin. 2019. Isometric training and long-term adaptations: Effects of muscle length, intensity, and intent: A systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 29 (4): 484-503. Doi: 10.1111/sms.13375.

Probert, A., F. Palmer, and S. Leberman. 2007. The Fine Line: An insight into ‘risky’ practices of male and female competitive bodybuilders. Annals of leisure research: 10 (3-4): 272-290. Doi: 10.1080/11745398.2007.9686767.

Saldo, M. 1914. How to pose. London, England: Ewart. https://archive.org/details/howtoposebymontesaldo.

USAWA (United States All-Round Weightlifting Association). 2018. “ALFRED MONTE WOOLASTON – AKA MONTE SALDO”. Accessed 15 February 2023. https://usawa.com/alfred-monte-woolaston-aka-monte-saldo/

Webster, P. D. 1992. Monte Saldo, Iron Game History 2 (1): 17 - 19. https://starkcenter.org/igh/igh-v2/igh-v2-n1/igh0201g.pdf.

WNBF (World Natural Bodybuilding Federation). 2020a. “FIGURE DIVISION JUDGING CRITERIA”. Accessed 15 February 2023.

https://www.worldnaturalbb.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Judging-Criteria-Figure-2020.pdf

WNBF (World Natural Bodybuilding Federation). 2020b. “BODYBUILDING DIVISION JUDGING CRITERIA”. Accessed 15 February 2023. https://www.worldnaturalbb.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Judging-Criteria-Men-Bodybuilding-2020.pdf

Woycke, J. 2016. Esprit de Corps: A History of North American Bodybuilding. London, Ontario: History eBook Collection Western

Downloads

Posted

2023-03-07