An Evidence-based approach for optimising sports recovery practises following DOMS educing exercise
A systemic review and meta-analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51224/SRXIV.252Keywords:
Blood flow restriction; Tendinopathy; Resistance training; Exercise; Physiotherapy; Tendon, athletic performance, muscle physiology, Biomechanics, Dose-response, Sport Performance, sport and exercise medicine, vertical jump, FatigueAbstract
Purpose/Background: During intense exercise, muscles generate and release large quantities of blood lactate during anaerobic and resistance based exercise. As a result of intense periods of exercise and physical activity, blood lactate levels and the perception of muscle soreness increases, resulting in an acute decrease in athlete performance. The experience of an acute decrease in athletic performance and increase in negative physiological characteristics is referred to as delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Since the beginning of sports science research, many researchers have tried to create methods to reduce and mitigate the effects of DOMS post exercise. Some of the most common methods include, stretching, massage, ice massage and cold-water immersion, electrical muscle stimulation, kinesiotaping and low-intensity exercise. However, there is currently little evidence to suggest which recovery intervention is best for treating the effects of DOMS. Subsequently, the aim of this present work is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the impact of different recovery techniques on delayed onset muscle soreness.
Methods: A systematic literature search on articles published up to 20 September 2022 was carried out in the databases PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, SPORTDisscus. Additionally, academic search engines Google Scholar and ResearchRabbit were used to find additional studies. A search strategy was developed based on the Pico model to identify high quality literature that met the following inclusion criteria:
(1) articles must have been published between 1940-2022 and written in English; (2) a recovery intervention was used either pre or post DOMS; (3) studies must have used at least one physiological or biomechanical outcome measure to assess the effect of a particular intervention against a control group (either a separate group of people or an untreated muscle on the same individual); (5) a full-text version of the study had to be publicly available with public access to all data used within the study. Using all of the extracted data from the included studies, this meta-analysis will use blood lactate levels, creatine kinase levels, muscle soreness, counter movement jump, maximal isometric voluntary contraction and range of movement. In order to try and answer the primary research aim of what recovery intervention can best mitigate the effects of DOMS.
Results: A total of 275 studies met the inclusion criteria and were used in the systemic review and meta-analysis. The results show that there were significant differences between all of the individual outcome measures, however, once all the results were averaged together to create an overall recovery score, the differences between the interventions were less significant. The results also suggest that some particular recovery interventions have a more pronounced effect for mitigating certain symptoms of DOMS compared to other recovery interventions. When averaging all the results from all of the outcome measures, the pre-DOMS foam roller intervention had the greatest ability to mitigate the effects of DOMS. The second-best recovery intervention overall was dry needling. Both light pressure instrument assisted soft tissue mobilisation technique and flossing reported an average negative Cohen’s D value which was significantly below the baseline value reported by the control group which suggests that light pressure instrument assisted soft tissue mobilisation technique and flossing are not good recovery interventions for dealing with delayed onset muscles soreness. However, cryotherapy was the best recovery method for reducing blood lactate levels post DOMS. For the self-reported muscle soreness outcome measure, the post DOMS foam roller recovery intervention had the largest pronounced effect. For the CMJ outcome measure, pulsed ultrasound provided the greatest reduction in the effects of DOMS and increased the rate of recovery more than any other recovery intervention. For nearly all the chosen outcome measures within this meta-analysis there was a significant interaction between time and the magnitude of DOMS, meaning that after a single bout of the recovery intervention the magnitude of DOMS decreased at every data collection time point. However, not all recovery protocols were able to increase the rate of recovery more than was observed from the control group for each outcome measure. Future research should aim to explore the role of combined recovery techniques to investigate whether a synergetic phenomenon occurs when treating the effects of DOMS.
Metrics
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