Preprint has been submitted for publication in journal
Preprint / Version 2

The CRAVE and ARGE Scales for motivation states for physical activity and sedentarism

Brazilian Portuguese translation and single-item versions

##article.authors##

  • Alberto Filgueiras School of Natural, Social and Sport Sciences, University of Gloucestershire
  • Matthew Stults-Kolehmainen Yale - New Haven Hospital https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5361-9614
  • Daniel Boullosa Universidad de León
  • Rajita Sinha Yale School of Medicine
  • John B. Bartholomew The University of Texas at Austin
  • Paul McKee Duke University
  • Todd Gilson Northern Illinois University
  • Richard Keegan University of Canberra
  • Artur Viana Yale School of Medicine
  • Fabio Amador Bueno Connecticut Community Colleges Nursing Program
  • André Ricarte Medeiros Federal District Secretary of Education (SEEDF) of Brasilia
  • Sofia F. Militão-de-Leutério Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul
  • Garrett I. Ash Yale School of Medicine

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51224/SRXIV.224

Keywords:

sprinting, Exercise, sedentary behavior, depression

Abstract

According to the WANT model, motivation states for physical activity and sedentarism vary moment to moment. The CRAVE scale (Cravings for Rest and Volitional Energy Expenditure) was developed to assess wants and desires to move. The major aims of the current studies are to: translate and validate the scale in Brazilian Portuguese and determine the best single-item for Move and Rest subscales. Six bilingual speakers translated the scale from English to Brazilian Portuguese (named Anseios por Repouso e Gastos com Energia [ARGE]). The ARGE had excellent content validity coefficients across three dimensions (.89-.91), as determined by three independent, bilingual referees. 1,168 participants (mean age = 30.6, SD = 12.2; 71.6% female) from across Brazil completed an online version of the ARGE. An Exploratory Factor Analysis found two, very clear, oblique and inversely related factors (Move and Rest; GFI = 1.00, RMSR = .03). Reliability was good (Cronbach α’s: .93 and .92). Two models of the scale (10 versus 13 items) were compared with Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The previously validated version using 10 scored items (GFI = 1.00, RMSEA = .07, RMSR = .02) outperformed the version scored with 13 items. State anxiety and exercise behavior had small associations with Move and Rest (-.20 to .26). ARGE Move scores had high correspondence post-session for 9 women performing short Sprint Interval Training (sSIT; 6 sessions). Large effects were detected for changes in motivation states with sSIT, but due to the small sample size they were not significant. IRT analyses found that for the USA sample, “be physically active” and “be still” were the most representative items for Move and Rest, respectively, while for the Brazil sample they were “exert my muscles” and “be a couch potato”. Overall, it was found that: A) the ARGE scale demonstrated excellent psychometric properties, B) the original scoring (with 10 items) resulted in the best model, C) it had small associations with exercise behavior, and D) the sub-scales were reduced to single items that varied by country, indicating potential cultural differences in the concept of motivation states for physical activity.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1·9 million participants. The Lancet Global Health. 2018;6(10):e1077-e86. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30357-7

Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT, et al. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):219-29. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61031-9

Ussery EN, Whitfield GP, Fulton JE, Galuska DA, Matthews CE, Katzmarzyk PT, et al. Trends in Self-Reported Sitting Time by Physical Activity Levels Among US Adults, NHANES 2007/2008–2017/2018. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 2021;18(S1):S74-S83. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2021-0221

Hyde ET, Whitfield GP, Omura JD, Fulton JE, Carlson SA. Trends in Meeting the Physical Activity Guidelines: Muscle-Strengthening Alone and Combined With Aerobic Activity, United States, 1998–2018. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 2021;18(S1):S37-S44. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2021-0077

Jaarsma T, Strömberg A, Ben Gal T, Cameron J, Driscoll A, Duengen H-D, et al. Comparison of self-care behaviors of heart failure patients in 15 countries worldwide. Patient Education and Counseling. 2013;92(1):114-20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2013.02.017

Bauman AE, Reis RS, Sallis JF, Wells JC, Loos RJF, Martin BW, et al. Correlates of physical activity: why are some people physically active and others not? Lancet. 2012;380(9838):258-71. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60735-1

Williams DM, Rhodes RE, Conner MT. Conceptualizing and intervening on affective determinants of health behaviour. Psychology & Health. 2019;34(11):1267-81. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2019.1675659

Stevens CJ, Baldwin AS, Bryan AD, Conner M, Rhodes RE, Williams DM. Affective Determinants of Physical Activity: A Conceptual Framework and Narrative Review. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020;11(3366). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568331

Michie S, van Stralen MM, West R. The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implementation Science. 2011;6(1):42. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-6-42

Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Blacutt M, Bartholomew JB, Gilson TA, Ash GI, McKee PC, et al. Motivation States for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Desire, Urge, Wanting, and Craving. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020;11(3076). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568390

Mayo X, Iglesias-Soler E, Liguori G, Copeland RJ, Clavel I, del Villar F, et al. A modifiable factors-based model for detecting inactive individuals: are the European assessment tools fit for purpose? European Journal of Public Health. 2022. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckac116

Ryan RM, Deci EL. Active human nature: Self-determination theory and the promotion and maintenance of sport, exercise and health. In: Haggar MS, Chatzisarantis NLD, editors. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Exercise and Sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2007. p. 1-20.

Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Ciccolo JT, Bartholomew JB, Seifert J, Portman RS. Age and Gender-related Changes in Exercise Motivation among Highly Active Individuals. Athletic Insight. 2013;5(1):45-63. doi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234111759_Age_and_Gender-related_Changes_in_Exercise_Motivation_among_Highly_Active_Individuals

Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Gilson TA, Abolt CJ. Feelings of acceptance and intimacy among teammates predict motivation in intercollegiate sport. Journal of Sport Behavior. 2013;36(3). doi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234111733_Feelings_of_acceptance_and_intimacy_among_teammates_predict_motivation_in_intercollegiate_sport

Hofmann W, Baumeister RF, Forster G, Vohs KD. Everyday Temptations: An Experience Sampling Study of Desire, Conflict, and Self-Control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2012;102(6):1318-35. doi: 10.1037/a0026545

Hofmann W, Vohs KD, Baumeister RF. What People Desire, Feel Conflicted About, and Try to Resist in Everyday Life. Psychological Science. 2012;23(6):582-8. doi: 10.1177/0956797612437426

Hofmann W, Van Dillen L. Desire: The New Hot Spot in Self-Control Research. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2012;21(5):317-22. doi: 10.1177/0963721412453587

Frijda NH. Impulsive action and motivation. Biological Psychology. 2010;84(3):570-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.01.005

Frijda NH, Ridderinkhof KR, Rietveld E. Impulsive action: Emotional impulses and their control. Frontiers in Psychology. 2014;5. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00518

Kavanagh DJ, Andrade J, May J. Imaginary relish and exquisite torture: The elaborated intrusion theory of desire. Psychological Review. 2005;112(2):446-67. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.112.2.446

Budnick CJ, Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Dadina C, Bartholomew JB, Boullosa D, Ash GI, et al. Motivation states to move, be physically active and sedentary vary like circadian rhythms and are associated with affect and arousal. SportRxiv. 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.51224/SRXIV.217

Stults-Kolehmainen M, Gilson T, SantaBarbara N, McKee P, Sinha R, Bartholomew J, et al. Qualitative and quantitative evidence of motivation states for physical activity, exercise and being sedentary from university student focus groups. SportRxiv. 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.51224/SRXIV.189

Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Blacutt M, Bartholomew JB, Boullosa D, Janata P, Koo BB, et al. Urges to Move and Other Motivation States for Physical Activity in Clinical and Healthy Populations: A Scoping Review Protocol. Frontiers in Psychology. 2022;13. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.901272

Khan FH, Ahlberg CD, Chow CA, Shah DR, Koo BB. Iron, dopamine, genetics, and hormones in the pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome. Journal of neurology. 2017;264(8):1634-41. doi: 10.1007/s00415-017-8431-1

Janata P, Peterson J, Ngan C, Keum B, Whiteside H, Ran S. Psychological and Musical Factors Underlying Engagement with Unfamiliar Music. Music Perception. 2018;36(2):175-200. doi: 10.1525/mp.2018.36.2.175

Janata P, Tomic ST, Haberman JM. Sensorimotor coupling in music and the psychology of the groove. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2012;141(1):54-75. doi: 10.1037/a0024208

Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Blacutt M, Fogelman N, Gilson TA, Stanforth PR, Divin AL, et al. Measurement of Motivation States for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Development and Validation of the CRAVE Scale. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021;12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.568286

Do B, Rhodes RE, Kanning M, Hewus M, Dunton GF. Examining whether affectively-charged motivations predict subsequent affective response during physical activity: An ecological momentary assessment study. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 2022;4. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1029144

Williams DM, Bohlen LC. Motivation for exercise: Reflective desire versus hedonic dread. APA handbook of sport and exercise psychology, volume 2: Exercise psychology, Vol 2. APA handbooks in psychology series. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2019. p. 363-85.

Henrich J, Heine SJ, Norenzayan A. Most people are not WEIRD. Nature. 2010;466(7302):29-. doi: 10.1038/466029a

Hulteen RM, Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Barnett LM, Hallal PC, Colyvas K, et al. Global participation in sport and leisure-time physical activities: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine. 2017;95:14-25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.11.027

Spence JC, Lee RE. Toward a comprehensive model of physical activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2003;4(1):7-24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00014-6

Seemiller C, Grace M, Dal Bo Campagnolo P, Mara Da Rosa Alves I, Severo De Borba G. How generation Z college students prefer to learn: a comparison of US and Brazil students. Journal of educational research and practice. 2019;9(1):25.

Pires P, Filgueiras A, Ribas R, Santana C. Positive and negative affect schedule: psychometric properties for the Brazilian Portuguese version. The Spanish Journal of Psychology. 2013;16.

Filgueiras A. Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire to Brazilian Portuguese. Brazilian Journal of Sport Psychology. 2016;6(2):72-84.

Markus HR. What moves people to action? Culture and motivation. Current Opinion in Psychology. 2016;8:161-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.10.028

Neto F, Mullet E. A Prototype Analysis of the Portuguese Concept of Saudade. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2014;45(4):660-70. doi: 10.1177/0022022113518370

Clark LA, Watson D. Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment. 1995;7(3):309-19. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309

Clark LA, Watson D. Constructing validity: New developments in creating objective measuring instruments. Psychol Assess. 2019;31(12):1412-27. doi: 10.1037/pas0000626

Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures. Spine. 2000;25(24):3186-91.

International Test Commission. The ITC guidelines for translating and adapting tests. 2nd ed2017.

Vignola RCB, Tucci AM. Adaptation and validation of the depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS) to Brazilian Portuguese. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2014;155:104-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.031

Filgueiras A, Galvão BDO, Pires P, Fioravanti-Bastos ACM, Hora GPR, Santana CMT, et al. Tradução e adaptação semântica do Questionário de Controle Atencional para o Contexto Brasileiro. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas). 2015;32(2):173-85. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-166X2015000200003

Hernández-Nieto R. Contribuciones al análisis estadístico. Mérida, Venezuela: Universidad de Los Andes/IESINFO. 2002.

Stults-Kolehmainen M, Filgueiras A, Blacutt M. Factors linked to changes in mental health outcomes among Brazilians in quarantine due to COVID-19. medRxiv. 2021:2020.05.12.20099374. doi: 10.1101/2020.05.12.20099374

Filgueiras A, Stults-Kolehmainen M. Risk factors for potential mental illness among Brazilians in quarantine due to COVID-19. Psychological Reports. 2022;125(2):723-41. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120976628

Blacutt M, Filgueiras A, Stults-Kolehmainen M. Prevalence and incidence of stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms among Brazilians in quarantine across the early phases of the COVID-19 crisis. medRxiv. 2021. doi: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.07.21263246

Spielberger CD, Gonzalez-Reigosa F, Martinez-Urrutia A, Natalicio LF, Natalicio DS. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Revista Interamericana De Psicología / Interamerican Journal of Psychology. 1971;5(3 & 4). doi: https://doi.org/10.30849/rip/ijp.v5i3%20&%204.620

Fioravanti-Bastos ACM, Cheniaux E, Landeira-Fernandez J. Development and validation of a short-form version of the Brazilian state-trait anxiety inventory. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica. 2011;24(3):485-94. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722011000300009

Godin G. The Godin-Shephard leisure-time physical activity questionnaire. The Health & Fitness Journal of Canada. 2011;4(1):18-22. doi: https://doi.org/10.14288/hfjc.v4i1.82

São-João TM, Rodrigues RCM, Gallani MCBJ, Miura CTdP, Domingues GdBL, Godin G. Adaptação cultural da versão brasileira do Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire. Revista de Saúde Pública. 2013;47:479-87. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910.2013047003947

Amireault S, Godin G. The Godin-Shephard leisure-time physical activity questionnaire: validity evidence supporting its use for classifying healthy adults into active and insufficiently active categories. Perceptual and motor skills. 2015;120(2):604-22. doi: DOI: 10.2466/03.27.PMS.120v19x7

Trizano-Hermosilla I, Alvarado JM. Best Alternatives to Cronbach's Alpha Reliability in Realistic Conditions: Congeneric and Asymmetrical Measurements. Frontiers in Psychology. 2016;7. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00769

Mislevy RJ, Bock RD. BILOG 3: Item analysis and test scoring with binary logistic models. Mooresville, IN: Scientific Software; 1990.

Timmerman ME, Lorenzo-Seva U. Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis. Psychological methods. 2011;16(2):209. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023353

Kelley TL. Essential traits of mental life: The purposes and principles underlying the selection and measurement of independent mental factors, together with computational tables: Harvard University Press; 1935.

Lorenzo-Seva U. A factor simplicity index. Psychometrika. 2003;68(1):49-60. doi: 10.1007/BF02296652

Jöreskog KG, Moustaki I. Factor Analysis of Ordinal Variables: A Comparison of Three Approaches. Multivariate Behavioral Research. 2001;36(3):347-87. doi: 10.1207/S15327906347-387

Lorenzo-Seva U, Ferrando PJ. FACTOR 9.2: A Comprehensive Program for Fitting Exploratory and Semiconfirmatory Factor Analysis and IRT Models. Applied Psychological Measurement. 2013;37(6):497-8. doi: 10.1177/0146621613487794

Jöreskog KG, Sörbom D. LISREL 8: User's reference guide: Scientific Software International; 1996.

Miller DJ, Freedson PS, Kline GM. Comparison of activity levels using the Caltrac accelerometer and five questionnaires. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1994;26(3):376-82.

de Sousa AFM, Medeiros AR, Benitez-Flores S, Del Rosso S, Stults-Kolehmainen M, Boullosa DA. Improvements in Attention and Cardiac Autonomic Modulation After a 2-Weeks Sprint Interval Training Program: A Fidelity Approach. Frontiers in Physiology. 2018;9(241). doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00241

Flores SB, de Sousa AFM, Totó ECdC, Rosa TS, Del Rosso S, Foster C, et al. Shorter sprints elicit greater cardiorespiratory and mechanical responses with less fatigue during time-matched sprint interval training (SIT) sessions. Kinesiology. 2018;50(2):137–48. doi: https://hrcak.srce.hr/ojs/index.php/kinesiology/article/view/5783

Taylor IM, Whiteley S, Ferguson RA. Disturbance of desire-goal motivational dynamics during different exercise intensity domains. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2022;32(4):798-806. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14129

Gerber M, Minghetti A, Beck J, Zahner L, Donath L. Sprint interval training and continuous aerobic exercise training have similar effects on exercise motivation and affective responses to exercise in patients with major depressive disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in psychiatry. 2018;9:694. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00694

Metcalfe RS, Williams S, Fernandes GS, Astorino TA, Stork MJ, Phillips SM, et al. Affecting Effects on Affect: The Impact of Protocol Permutations on Affective Responses to Sprint Interval Exercise; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Pooled Individual Participant Data. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 2022;4. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.815555

Wu Y, Levis B, Sun Y, Krishnan A, He C, Riehm KE, et al. Probability of major depression diagnostic classification based on the SCID, CIDI and MINI diagnostic interviews controlling for Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – Depression subscale scores: An individual participant data meta-analysis of 73 primary studies. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2020;129:109892. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109892

Benitez Flores S, Sousa A, Totó E, Rosa T, Del Rosso S, Foster C, et al. Shorter sprints elicit greater cardiorespiratory and mechanical responses with less fatigue during time-matched sprint interval training (SIT) sessions. Kinesiology. 2018;50. doi: 10.26582/k.50.2.13

Gillen JB, Martin BJ, MacInnis MJ, Skelly LE, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ. Twelve weeks of sprint interval training improves indices of cardiometabolic health similar to traditional endurance training despite a five-fold lower exercise volume and time commitment. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0154075. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154075

Koo TK, Li MY. A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15(2):155-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012

Richardson JTE. Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research. Educational Research Review. 2011;6(2):135-47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2010.12.001

Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Lu T, Ciccolo JT, Bartholomew JB, Brotnow L, Sinha R. Higher chronic psychological stress is associated with blunted affective responses to strenuous resistance exercise: RPE, pleasure, pain. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2016;22:27-36. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.05.004

Ponnada A, Wang S, Chu D, Do B, Dunton G, Intille S. Intensive Longitudinal Data Collection Using Microinteraction Ecological Momentary Assessment: Pilot and Preliminary Results. JMIR Form Res. 2022;6(2):e32772. doi: 10.2196/32772

Cook LL, Eignor DR. IRT Equating Methods. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice. 1991;10(3):37-45. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3992.1991.tb00207.x

Baker FB. Equating Tests Under the Graded Response Model. Applied Psychological Measurement. 1992;16(1):87-96. doi: 10.1177/014662169201600111

Wright B. Equitable test equating. Rasch Measurement Transactions. 1993;7(2):298-9. doi:

Samejima F. Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores. Psychometrika monograph supplement. 1969.

Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Sinha R. The effects of stress on physical activity and exercise. Sports Medicine. 2014;44(1):81-121. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0090-5

Roelofs K. Freeze for action: neurobiological mechanisms in animal and human freezing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2017;372(1718):20160206. doi: doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0206

Noorani I, Carpenter R. Not moving: the fundamental but neglected motor function. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2017;372(1718):20160190. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0190

Noorani I. Towards a unifying mechanism for cancelling movements. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2017;372(1718):20160191. doi: doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0191

Sekely A, Taylor GJ, Bagby RM. Developing a short version of the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia using item response theory. Psychiatry Research. 2018;266:218-27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.002

Wang X, Cai Y, Tu D. The application of item response theory in developing and validating a shortened version of the Rotterdam Emotional Intelligence Scale. Current Psychology. 2022. doi: 10.1007/s12144-022-03329-y

Böhnke JR, Lutz W. Using Item and Test Information to Optimize Targeted Assessments of Psychological Distress. Assessment. 2014;21(6):679-93. doi: 10.1177/1073191114529152

Stults-Kolehmainen M, Malcolm LR, DiLoreto J, Gunnet-Shoval K, Rathbun EI. Psychological Interventions for weight management: A Primer for the Allied Health Professional. ACSMS Health Fit J. 2015;19(5):16-22. doi: doi: 10.1249/FIT.0000000000000150

Cox A, Ullrich-French S, French B. Validity Evidence for the State Mindfulness Scale for Physical Activity. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. 2015;20:1-12. doi: 10.1080/1091367X.2015.1089404

Ekkekakis P, Hall EE, Petruzzello SJ. Practical markers of the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism during exercise: rationale and a case for affect-based exercise prescription. Preventive Medicine. 2004;38(2):149-59. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.09.038

Heath GW, Parra DC, Sarmiento OL, Andersen LB, Owen N, Goenka S, et al. Evidence-based intervention in physical activity: lessons from around the world. The lancet. 2012;380(9838):272-81. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60816-2

Hoehner CM, Soares J, Parra Perez D, Ribeiro IC, Joshu CE, Pratt M, et al. Physical Activity Interventions in Latin America: A Systematic Review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2008;34(3):224-33.e4. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.11.016

Hardeman W, Houghton J, Lane K, Jones A, Naughton F. A systematic review of just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs) to promote physical activity. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2019;16(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s12966-019-0792-7

Downloads

Posted

2022-11-21 — Updated on 2023-07-18

Versions