Affective Responses to Increasing- and Decreasing-Intensity Resistance Training Protocols
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51224/SRXIV.210Keywords:
affect, resistance exercise, opposing-slopes, remembered pleasureAbstract
This study compared the effects of an increasing-intensity (UP) and a decreasing-intensity (DOWN) resistance training (RT) protocol on affective responses across six training sessions. Novice participants (Mage 43.5 ± 13.7 years) were randomly assigned to UP (n = 18) or DOWN (n = 17) RT groups. Linear mixed-effects models showed that the evolution of affective valence within each training session was significantly moderated by group (b = -0.45, p = <.001), with participants in the UP group reporting a decline in pleasure during each session (b = -0.82) and the DOWN group reporting an improvement (b = 0.97; ps <.001). Remembered pleasure was significantly higher in the DOWN group compared to the UP group (b = 0.57, p = .004). These findings indicate that a pattern of decreasing intensity throughout a resistance exercise session can elicit more positive affective responses and retrospective affective evaluations of RT.
Metrics
References
American College of Sports Medicine (2021). American College of Sports Medicine ACSM’s
guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (11th Ed.) Wolters Kluwer.
American College of Sports Medicine. (2009). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41, 687–708. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181915670
Andrade, A.J., Ekkekakis, P., Evmenenko, A., Monteiro, D., Rodrigues, F., Cid, L., Teixeira, D.S. (2022). Affective responses to resistance exercise: Toward a consensus on the timing of assessments, Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 102223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102223
Andreatta, M., Fendt, M., Mühlberger, A., Wieser, M.J., Imobersteg, S., Yarali, A., Gerber, B. & Pauli, P. (2012). Onset and offset of aversive events establish distinct memories requiring fear and reward networks. Learning & Memory, 19(11), 518–526. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.026864.112
Ariely, D. (1998). Combining experiences over time: The effects of duration, intensity changes and on‐line measurements on retrospective pain evaluations. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 11(1), 19–45.
Barnett, F. (2012). The effect of exercise on affective and self-efficacy responses in older and younger women. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 10, 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.10.1.97
Bastos, V., Andrade, A. J., Rodrigues, F., Monteiro, D., Cid, L., & Teixeira, D. S. (2022). Set to fail: Affective dynamics in a resistance training program designed to reach muscle concentric failure. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14222
Bargh, J.A., & Chartrand, T.L. (2014). The mind in the middle: A practical guide to priming and automaticity research. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 311–344). Cambridge University Press.
Barton, K. (2018). MuMIn: multi-model inference. R package. Cran-R, 1, 289–290.
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2014). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. arXiv preprint https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1406.5823
Boisgontier, M.P., & Cheval, B. (2016). The anova to mixed model transition. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 68, 1004–1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.034
Box, A.G., & Petruzzello, S.J. (2020). Why do they do it? Differences in high-intensity exercise-affect between those with higher and lower intensity preference and tolerance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 47, 101521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.04.011
Brand, R., & Cheval, B. (2019). Theories to explain exercise motivation and physical inactivity: ways of expanding our current theoretical perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1147. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01147
Brand, R., & Ekkekakis, P. (2021). Exercise behavior change revisited: Affective-reflective theory. In Z. Zenko & L. Jones (Eds.), Essentials of exercise and sport psychology: An open access textbook (pp. 62-92). Society for Transparency, Openness, and Replication in Kinesiology. https://doi.org/10.51224/B1000
Brzycki, M. (1993). Strength testing—Predicting a one-rep max from reps-to-fatigue. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 64, 88–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.1993.10606684
Bull, F.C., Al-Ansari, S.S., Biddle S, et al. (2020). World Health Organization 2020
guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behavior. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54, 1451–1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955
Cavarretta, D.J., Hall, E.E., & Bixby, W.R. (2019). Affective responses from different modalities of resistance exercise: timing matters! Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 1, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2019.00005
Davis, P.A., & Stenling, A. (2020). Temporal aspects of affective states, physiological responses, and perceived exertion in competitive cycling time trials. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 30, 1859–1868. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13766
DaSilva, S.G., Guidetti, L., Buzzachera, C.F., Elsangedy, H.M., Krinski, K., Krause, M.P., & Baldari, C. (2010). Age and physiological, perceptual, and affective responses during walking at a self-selected pace. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 111(3), 963–978. https://doi.org/10.2466/06.10.13.PMS.111.6.963-978
Ekkekakis, P. (2017). People have feelings! Exercise psychology in paradigmatic transition.
Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 84–88.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.018
Ekkekakis, P., & Brand, R. (2019). Affective responses to and automatic affective valuations
of physical activity: Fifty years of progress on the seminal question in exercise psychology. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.12.018
Ekkekakis, P., & Brand, R. (2021). Exercise motivation from a post-cognitivist perspective: Affective-Reflective Theory. In C. Englert & I. M. Taylor (Eds.), Motivation and self-regulation in sport and exercise (pp. 20-40). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003176695-3
Ekkekakis, P., Hall, E.E., & Petruzzello, S.J. (2005). Some like it vigorous: Measuring individual differences in the preference for and tolerance of exercise intensity. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 27(3), 350–374. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.27.3.350
Ekkekakis, P., Lind, E., Hall, E.E., & Petruzzello, S.J. (2007). Can self-reported tolerance of exercise intensity play a role in exercise testing? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(7), 1193–1199. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318058a5ea
Ekkekakis, P., Lind, E., & Vazou, S. (2010). Affective responses to increasing levels of exercise intensity in normal‐weight, overweight, and obese middle‐aged women. Obesity, 18(1), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2009.204
Ekkekakis, P., Parfitt, G., & Petruzzello, S.J. (2011). The pleasure and displeasure people feel when they exercise at different intensities. Sports Medicine, 41(8), 641–671.
Ekkekakis, P., Vazou, S., Bixby, W.R., & Georgiadis, E. (2016). The mysterious case of the public health guideline that is (almost) entirely ignored: call for a research agenda on the causes of the extreme avoidance of physical activity in obesity. Obesity Reviews, 17(4), 313–329. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12369
Ekkekakis, P., Zenko, Z., & Vazou, S. (2021). Do you find exercise pleasant or unpleasant? The Affective Exercise Experiences (AFFEXX) questionnaire. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 55, 101930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101930
Epley, B. (1985). Poundage chart. In Boyd Epley Workout. Body Enterprises.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
Focht, B.C., Knapp, D.J., Gavin, T.P., Raedeke, T.D., & Hickner, R.C. (2007). Affective and self-efficacy responses to acute aerobic exercise in sedentary older and younger adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 15(2), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.15.2.123
Fisher, J., Steele, J., Smith, J., & Bruce-Low, S. (2011). Evidence based resistance training recommendations. Medicina Sportiva, 15, 147–162. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10036-011-0025-x
Flynn, D., Van Schaik, P., & Van Wersch, A. (2004). A comparison of multi-item Likert and visual analogue scales for the assessment of transactionally defined coping function. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 20(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.20.1.49
Garbinsky, E.N., Morewedge, C.K., & Shiv, B. (2014). Does liking or wanting determine repeat consumption delay? Appetite, 72, 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2013.09.025
Greene, D.R., & Petruzzello, S.J. (2015). More isn’t necessarily better: Examining the intensity–affect–enjoyment relationship in the context of resistance exercise. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 4, 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000030
Hall, E.E., Petruzzello, S.J., Ekkekakis, P., Miller, P.C., & Bixby, W.R. (2014). Role of self-reported individual differences in preference for and tolerance of exercise intensity in fitness testing performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(9), 2443–2451. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000420
Hardy, C.J., & Rejeski, W.J. (1989). Not what, but how one feels: the measurement of affect during exercise. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(3), 304–317. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.11.3.304
Hargreaves, E.A., & Stych, K. (2013). Exploring the peak and end rule of past affective episodes within the exercise context. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.10.003
Hutchinson, J.C., Zenko, Z., Santich, S., & Dalton, P.C. (2020). Increasing the pleasure and
enjoyment of exercise: A novel resistance training protocol. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 42, 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2019-0089
Jones, L., Hutchinson, J.C., & Mullin, E.M. (2018). In the zone: An exploration of personal characteristics underlying affective responses to heavy exercise. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 40(5), 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2017-0360
Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P.B., & Christensen, R.H.B. (2017). lmerTest Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models. Journal of Statistical Software, 82(13), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v082.i13
Kahneman, D., Fredrickson, B.L., Schreiber, C.A., & Redelmeier, D.A. (1993). When more pain is preferred to less: Adding a better end. Psychological Science, 4, 401–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00589.x
Kahneman, D., Wakker, P.P., & Sarin, R. (1997). Back to Bentham? Explorations of experienced utility. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(2), 375–406. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355397555235
Ladwig, M.A., Hartman, M.E., & Ekkekakis, P. (2017). Affect-based exercise prescription: An idea whose time has come? ACSM's Health and Fitness Journal, 21(5), 10-15. https://doi.org/10.1249/FIT.0000000000000332
Meir, G., Hutchinson, J.C., Habeeb, C., Boiangin, N., Basevitch, I., Shaffer, C., & Tenenbaum, G. (2015). Are the measurements of attention allocation and perceived exertion trustworthy? Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 19, 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2015.1061531
Miller, M.W., Cheval, B., Bacelar, M.F.B., Cabral, D.A.R., Feiss, R.S., Parma, J.O., Renaud, O., Sander, D., Krigolson, O.E., & Boisgontier, M.P. (in principle acceptance). Relationship between reward-related brain activity and opportunities to sit. Cortex. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/TCR7F
Milton, K., Varela, A.R., Strain, T., Cavill, N., Foster, C., & Mutrie, N. (2018). A review of
global surveillance on the muscle strengthening and balance elements of physical activity recommendations. Journal of Frailty, Sarcopenia and Falls, 3(2), 114–124. https://doi.org/10.22540%2FJFSF-03-114
Preacher, K.J., Curran, P.J., & Bauer, D.J. (2006). Computational tools for probing interactions in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 31(4), 437–448. https://doi.org/10.3102/10769986031004437
R Core Team. (2017). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/
Rebar, A.L., Dimmock, J.A., Jackson, B., Rhodes, R.E., Kates, A., Starling, J., &
Vandelanotte, C. (2016). A systematic review of the effects of non-conscious regulatory processes in physical activity. Health Psychology Review, 10, 395–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2016.1183505
Refalo, M.C., Hamilton, D.L., Paval, D.R., Gallagher, I.J., Feros, S.A., & Fyfe, J.J. (2021). Influence of resistance training load on measures of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improvements in maximal strength and neuromuscular task performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39, 1723–1745. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1898094
Rhodes, R.E., & de Bruijn, G.J. (2013). How big is the physical activity intention–behaviour
gap? A meta‐analysis using the action control framework. British Journal of Health Psychology, 18(2), 296–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12032
Rhodes, R.E., & Kates, A. (2015). Can the affective response to exercise predict future motives and physical activity behavior? A systematic review of published evidence. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 49(5), 715-731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-015-9704-5
Riebe, D., Franklin, B.A., Thompson, P.D., Garber, C.E., Whitfield, G.P., Magal, M., & Pescatello, L.S. (2015). Updating ACSM’s recommendations for exercise preparticipation health screening. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 47, 2473–2479. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000664
Russell J.A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161–1178. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0077714
Schoenfeld, B.J., Grgic, J., Ogborn, D., & Krieger, J.W. (2017). Strength and hypertrophy adaptations between low- vs. high-load resistance training: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31, 3508–3523. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002200
Schoenfeld, B.J., Ogborn, D.I. & Krieger, J.W. (2015). Effect of repetition duration during resistance training on muscle hypertrophy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 45, 577–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0304-0
Schoenfeld, B.J., Wilson, J.M, Lowery, R.P., & Krieger, J.W. (2016). Muscular adaptations in low- versus high-load resistance training: a meta-analysis. European Journal of Sport Science,16, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.989922
Sheeran, P., & Webb, T.L. (2016). The intention–behavior gap. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10, 503–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12265
Slawinska, M.M., & Davis, P.A. (2020). Recall of affective responses to exercise: Examining the influence of intensity and time. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2, 573525. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.573525
Solomon, R.L. (1980). The opponent-process theory of acquired motivation: the costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain. American Psychologist, 35(8), 691–712. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.35.8.691
Solomon, R.L. & Corbett, J.D. (1978). An opponent-process theory of motivation. The American Economic Review, 68(6), 12–24.
Strain, T., Fitzsimons, C., Kelly, P., & Mutrie, N. (2016). The forgotten guidelines: cross-
sectional analysis of participation in muscle strengthening and balance & co-ordination activities by adults and older adults in Scotland. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3774-6
Wayment, H.A., & McDonald, R.L. (2017). Sharing a personal trainer: Personal and social benefits of individualized, small-group training. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(11), 3137–3145. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001764
Williams, D.M., Dunsiger, S., Jennings, E.G., & Marcus, B.H. (2012). Does affective valence during and immediately following a 10-min walk predict concurrent and future physical activity? Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 44(1), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9362-9
Williams, D.M., Dunsiger, S., Miranda Jr, R., Gwaltney, C.J., Emerson, J.A., Monti, P.M., & Parisi, A.F. (2015). Recommending self-paced exercise among overweight and obese adults: a randomized pilot study. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 49(2), 280-285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-014-9642-7
Zenko, Z., Ekkekakis, P., & Ariely, D. (2016). Can you have your vigorous exercise and
enjoy it too? Ramping intensity down increases postexercise, remembered, and forecasted pleasure. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 38, 149–159. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2015-0286
Zauberman, G., Diehl, K., & Ariely, D. (2006). Hedonic versus informational evaluations: Task dependent preferences for sequences of outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 19(3), 191–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.516
Downloads
Posted
Versions
- 2022-11-08 (2)
- 2022-10-27 (1)
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Jasmin Hutchinson, Leighton Jones, Panteleimon Ekkekakis, Boris Cheval, Ralf Brand, Gabrielle Salvatore, Samantha Adler, Yan Luo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
