A blended gym- and home-based resistance training does not compromise gains in muscle mass and function in untrained, pre-menopausal females
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51224/SRXIV.158Keywords:
strength, hypertrophy, female, resistance training, androgensAbstract
Objectives: Resistance training increases muscle mass and strength in males and females. Resistance training programs targeting muscle hypertrophy and strength are usually based on heavy weights and a low number of repetitions. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has limited the opportunity to deliver resistance training programs that require on-site access, which has often led to the prescription of alternative, home-based resistance training programs using considerably lighter weights.
Design and Methods: In this study, 20 untrained, pre-menopausal females underwent a 12-week resistance training program. A sub-cohort of participants (n=9) performed a period of home-based training with a modified program, while the remaining cohort (n=11) performed 100% of their training sessions in a gym-based environment.
Results: There were no significant differences in muscle strength, mass or power gains, the progression trajectory between participants who completed a blended or gym-based program. Total and free testosterone concentrations did not change with training or differ between groups.
Conclusions: A home-based training program may therefore provide a reliable, short-term solution to disruptions to resistance training research and conditioning practice.
Metrics
References
REFERENCES
Gentil P, Souza D, Santana M, et al. Multi- and single-joint resistance exercises promote similar plantar flexor activation in resistance trained men. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(24):9487. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17249487.
Versic S, Idrizovic K, Ahmeti GB, et al. Differential effects of resistance- and endurance-based exercise programs on muscular fitness, body composition, and cardiovascular variables in young adult women: Contextualizing the efficacy of self-selected exercise modalities. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania). 2021;57(7):654. doi: 10.3390/medicina57070654.
American college of sports medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(3):687-708. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181915670.
Schoenfeld BJ, Grgic J, Ogborn D, et al. Strength and hypertrophy adaptations between low- vs. High-load resistance training: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31(12):3508-23. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002200.
Nóbrega SR, Ugrinowitsch C, Pintanel L, et al. Effect of resistance training to muscle failure vs. Volitional interruption at high- and low-intensities on muscle mass and strength. J Strength Cond Res. 2018;32(1):162-9. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001787.
World Medical Association General Assembly. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. J Int Bioethique. 2004;15(1):124-9.
Exercise and Sport Science Australia. Adult pre-exercise screening system. 2019. Available from: https://www.essa.org.au/Public/ABOUT_ESSA/Pre-Exercise_Screening_Systems.aspx.
Xyris Software, Easy Diet Diary. 2019. Available from: https://xyris.com.au/products/easy-diet-diary/
Knowles OE, Aisbett B, Main LC, et al. Resistance training and skeletal muscle protein metabolism in eumenorrheic females: Implications for researchers and practitioners. Sports Med. 2019;49(11):1637-50. doi: 10.1007/s40279-019-01132-7.
Elliott-Sale KJ, Minahan CL, de Jonge X, et al. Methodological considerations for studies in sport and exercise science with women as participants: A working guide for standards of practice for research on women. Sports Med. 2021;51(5):843-61. doi: 10.1007/s40279-021-01435-8.
Folland JP, Williams AG. The adaptations to strength training : Morphological and neurological contributions to increased strength. Sports Med. 2007;37(2):145-68. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200737020-00004.
Borg G. A category scale with ratio properties for intermodal and interindividual comparisons. Psychophys Judg Proc Percept 1982:25-34.
Abadie BR, Wentworth MC. Prediction of one repetition maximal strength from a 5-10 repetition submaximal strength test in college-aged females. J Ex Phys Online. 2000;3(3).
Owen PJ, Hart NH, Latella C, et al. Identifying and assessing inter-muscular fat at the distal diaphyseal femur measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pqct). J Clin Densitom. 2021;24(1):106-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2019.11.001
Infante MA, Harrell GM, Strand KL, et al. One repetition maximum test-retest reliability and safety using keiser pneumatic resistance training machines with older women. J Strength Cond Res. 2021. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004143.
Scott BR, Duthie GM, Thornton HR, et al. Training monitoring for resistance exercise: Theory and applications. Sports Med. 2016;46(5):687-98. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0454-0.
Ratamess NA, Alvar BA, Evetoch TE, et al. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(3):687-708. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181915670
Volek JS, Volk BM, Gómez AL, et al. Whey protein supplementation during resistance training augments lean body mass. J Am Coll Nutr. 2013;32(2):122-35. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2013.793580.
Dunstan J. Melbourne marks 200 days of covid-19 lockdowns since the pandemic began. ABC news. 2021.
Bates D, Bolker B, Walker SC, editors. Fitting linear mixed effects models using lme 4 arxiv2014.
Kuznetsova A, Brockhoff PB, Christensen RHB. Lmertest package: Tests in linear mixed effects models. 2017. 2017;82(13):26.
Hadley Wickham, Mara Averick, Jennifer Bryan, et al. Welcome to the tidyverse. Journal of Open Sources Software. 2019;4(43):1686.
Venables W. N, Ripley, B.D. Modern applied statistics with s. New York, NY: Springer; 2002.
Zeileis A, Kleiber C, Jackman S. Regression models for count data in r. 2008. 2008;27(8):25.
Stefanaki DGA, Dzulkarnain A, Gray SR. Comparing the effects of low and high load resistance exercise to failure on adaptive responses to resistance exercise in young women. J Sports Sci. 2019;37(12):1375-80. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1559536
Hisaeda H, Miyagawa K, Kuno S, et al. Influence of two different modes of resistance training in female subjects. Ergonomics. 1996;39(6):842-52. doi: 10.1080/00140139608964505.
Dinyer TK, Byrd MT, Garver MJ, et al. Low-load vs. High-load resistance training to failure on one repetition maximum strength and body composition in untrained women. J Strength Cond Res. 2019;33(7):1737-44. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003194.
Pöllänen E, Kangas R, Horttanainen M, et al. Intramuscular sex steroid hormones are associated with skeletal muscle strength and power in women with different hormonal status. Aging Cell. 2015;14(2):236-48. doi: 10.1111/acel.12309.
Pöllänen E, Sipilä S, Alen M, et al. Differential influence of peripheral and systemic sex steroids on skeletal muscle quality in pre- and postmenopausal women. Aging Cell. 2011;10(4):650-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00701.x.
Sale DG. Neural adaptation to resistance training. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1988;20(5):S135-S45. doi: 10.1249/00005768-198810001-00009.
Downloads
Posted
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Sarah E. Alexander, Olivia E. Knowles, Briana Gatto, Dr Paul Jansons, Professor Brad Aisbett, Professor Glenn D. Wadley, Dr Danielle Hiam, Associate Professor Severine Lamon
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.