DOI of the published article https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004403
The relationship of anthropometric and physical performance characteristics on competitive success in amateur, elite, and professional rodeo athletes
Physical characteristics of rough stock rodeo athletes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51224/SRXIV.148Keywords:
bull-riding, concussion, cowboy, rough stock, strengthAbstract
Reference anthropometric and physical performance qualities can improve understanding of sporting needs and streamline preparation and rehabilitation programs. However, these data and their relationships with competitive success are absent in rodeo athletes. We hypothesized that riding performance would be most correlated with hip adductor, neck, and grip strength, while jump, RSI, and change of direction abilities would best predict bull-fighting performance. Forty-three amateur (n=9), professional (n=23), or internationally ranked (n=11) male rodeo athletes (bareback=9, bull-riders=16, saddlebronc=7, bull-fighters=11) volunteered (26.8±5.6 years). Anthropometrics included body mass, height, and body-fat percentage. Performance measures included isometric hip adduction and abduction, neck flexion and extension, handgrip strength, squat and countermovement jump heights, eccentric utilization ratio, reactive strength index (RSI), change-of-direction, bike sprints, and several pneumatic power measures. Bull-fighters were taller and heavier than bull-riders (ES=0.84-0.87, p=0.008-0.017). Bull-riders were leaner than fighters (ES=0.74, p=0.012). Fighters had greater RSI than riders (ES=0.73-1.47, p<0.001-0.030). Competitive level of rodeo riders (n=32) was correlated with age, and rodeo experience (ρ=0.37-0.43, p=0.013-0.049), bent-leg abduction (ρ=0.43, p=0.014) and straight-leg hip adduction and abduction (ρ=0.49-0.56, p<0.001-0.005) and neck flexion force (ρ=0.43, p=0.016), and rotational power (ρ=0.50, p=0.004). The competitive level of the fighters was correlated with age (ρ=0.64, p=0.036) and time-trial performance (ρ=-0.76, p=0.006). This is the first study providing normative and correlational strength and power performance data in a rodeo population. These data highlight the need for more event-specific physical preparation. Riders should focus their physical preparation on hip and neck strength and rotational power. Bull-fighters should prioritize stiffness and anaerobic power.
Metrics
References
Abdelsattar M, Konrad A, and Tilp M. Relationship between Achilles tendon stiffness and ground contact time during drop jumps. J Sports Sci Med 17: 223-228, 2018.
Allen M, Poggiali D, Whitaker K, Marshall TR, and Kievit RA. Raincloud plots: A multi-platform tool for robust data visualization. Wellcome Open Res 4, 2019.
Baranauskas MN, Johnson KE, Juvancic-Heltzel JA, M KR, Richardson L, Jamieson S, and Otterstetter R. Seven-site versus three-site method of body composition using BodyMetrix ultrasound compared to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 37: 317-321, 2017.
Barrett MR, Butterwick DJ, and Smith DJ. Bull riding: Analysis and application of a specific strength and conditioning program. Strength Cond J 28: 10-19, 2006.
Becker S, Berger J, Backfisch M, Ludwig O, Kelm J, and Fröhlich M. Effects of a 6-week strengthening of the neck flexors and extensors on the head acceleration during headers in soccer. J Sports Sci Med 18: 729-737, 2019.
Bia Z, Shu T, and Niu W. Test-retest reliability and measurement errors of grip strength test in patients with traumatic injuries in the upper extremity: A cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 20, 2019.
Bixby-Hammett D and Brooks WH. Common injuries in horseback riding. A review. Sports Med 9: 36-47, 1990.
Butterwick DJ, Hagel B, Nelson DS, Lafave MR, and Meeuwisse WH. Epidemiologic analysis of injury in five years of Canadian professional rodeo. Am J Sports Med 30: 193-198, 2002.
Calmels P and Minaire P. A review of the role of the agonist/antagonist muscle pairs ratio in rehabilitation. Disabil Rehabil 17: 265-276, 1995.
Collins CL, Fletcher EN, Fields SK, Kluchurosky L, Rohrkemper MK, Comstock RD, and Cantu RC. Neck strength: A protective factor reducing risk for concussion in high school sports. Journal of Primary Prevention 35: 309-319, 2014.
Cronin JB and Hansen KT. Strength and power predictors of sports speed. J Strength Cond Res 19: 349-357, 2005.
Desmyttere G, Gaudet S, and Begon M. Test-retest reliability of a hip strength assessment system in varsity soccer players. Phys Ther Sport 37: 138-143, 2019.
Earp JE and Kraemer WJ. Medicine ball training implications for rotational power sports. Strength Cond J 32: 20-25, 2010.
Fritz CO, Morris PE, and Richler JJ. Effect size estimates: Current use, calculations, and interpretation. J Exp Psychol Gen 141: 2-18, 2012.
Frounfelter G. Selected exercises for strengthening the cervical spine in adolescent rugby participants. Strength Cond J 30: 23-28, 2008.
Gerodimos V. Reliability of handgrip strength test in basketball players. J Hum Kinet 31: 25-36, 2012.
Hrysomallis C. Neck muscular strength, training, performance and sport injury risk: A review. Sports Med 46: 1111-1124, 2016.
Jarvis P, Turner A, and Bishop C. Reactive strength index and its associations with measures of physical and sports performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Med Ahead of print, 2021.
Le Flao E, Pichardo AW, Ganpatt S, and Oranchuk DJ. An accessable, 16-week neck strength training program improves head kinematics following chest perturbation in young soccer athletes. J Sport Rehabil 30: 1158-1165, 2021.
Leard JS, Cirello MA, Katsnelson E, Kimiatek SA, Miller TW, Trebincevic K, and Garbalosa JC. Validity of two alternate systems for measuring vertical jump height. J Strength Cond Res 21: 1296-1299, 2007.
Loenneke JP, Barnes JT, M WJ, P LR, Isaacs MN, and Pujol TJ. Reliability of field methods for estimating body fat. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 33: 405-408, 2013.
Mangine GT, Hoffman JR, Vazquez J, Pichardo N, Fragala MS, and Stout JR. Predictors of fielding performance in professional baseball players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 8: 510-516, 2013.
Mason J, Howatson G, Frazer AK, Pearce AJ, Jaberzadeh S, Avela J, and Kidgell DJ. Modulation of intracortical inhibition and excitation in agonist and antagonist muscles following acute strength training. Eur J Appl Physiol 119: 2185-2199, 2019.
McBride L and Oxford SW. Cervical spine assessment techniques and neck strength profiles of elite rugby union players using an innovative measurement approach. Med Rxiv PRE-PRINT, 2020.
McGuigan MR, Doyle TLA, Newton M, Edwards DJ, Nimphius S, and Newton RU. Eccentric utilization ratio: Effect of sport and phase of training. J Strength Cond Res 20: 992-995, 2006.
Meyer MC, Wilkinson JG, Elledge JR, Tolson H, Sterling JC, and Coast JR. Exercise performance of collegiate rodeo athletes. Am J Sports Med 20: 410-415, 1992.
Meyers MC, Elledge JR, Sterling JC, and Tolson H. Injuries in intercollegiate rodeo athletes. Am J Sports Med 18: 87-91, 1990.
Meyers MC and Laurent Jr CM. The rodeo athlete: Sport science - Part I. Sports Med 40: 417-431, 2010.
NIRA. in: National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association. https://collegerodeo.com/, 2021.
O'Brien M, Bourne M, Heerey J, Timmins RG, and Pizzari T. A novel device to assess hip strength: Concurrent validity and normative values in male athletes. Phys Ther Sport 35: 63-68, 2019.
Oliveras R, Bizzini M, Brunner R, and Maffiuletti NA. Field-based evaluation of hip adductor and abductor strength in professional male ice hockey players: Reference values and influencing factors. Phys Ther Sport 43: 204-209, 2020.
Oranchuk DJ, Hopkins WG, Nelson AR, Storey AG, and Cronin JB. The effect of regional quadriceps anatomical parameters on angle-specific isometric torque expression. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 46: 368-378, 2021.
Raether J, Sanders M, and Antonio J. Strength and conditioning for the rodeo athlete. Strength Cond J 22: 31-34, 2000.
Ryan S, Kempton T, Pacecca E, and Coutts AJ. Measurement properties of an adductor strength-assessment system in professional Australian footballers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 14: 256-259, 2019.
Sawyer DT, Ostarello JZ, Suess EA, and Dempsey M. Relationship between football playing ability and selected performance measures. J Strength Cond Res 16: 611-616, 2002.
Scholarshipstats.com. Rodeo, in: https://scholarshipstatscom/rodeo.
Serner A, Jakobsen MD, Anderson LL, Holmich P, Sundstrup E, and Thorborg K. EMG evaluation of hip adduction exercises for soccer players: implications for exercise selection in prevention and treatment of groin injuries. Br J Sports Med 48: 1108-1114, 2014.
Sinclair-Elder AJ, Nilson CJ, and Elder CL. Analysis of 4 years of injury in professional rodeo. Clin J Sport Med 30: 591-597, 2020.
Sinclair-Elder AJ and Tincknell R. Epidemiology of hip injuries in professional rodeo: A 4-year analysis. Orthop J Sports 8: 2325967120959321, 2020.
Stewart PF, Turner AN, and Miller SC. Reliability, factorial validty, and interrelationships of five commonly used change of direction speed tests. Scand J Med Sci Sports 24: 500-506, 2014.
Tuza G. Training conciderations for rodeo. Strength and Conditioning Association Journal 6: 38-41, 1984.
Wasserstein RL and Lazar NA. The ASA's statement of p-values: Context, process, and purpose. Am Stat 70: 129-133, 2016.
Watkins CM, Maunder E, van den Tillaar R, and Oranchuk DJ. Concurrent validity and reliability of three ultra-portable vertical jump assessment technologies. Sensors 20: 1-13, 2020.
Weissgarber TL, Milic NM, Winham SJ, and Garovic VD. Beyond bar and line graphs: Time for a new data presentation paradigm. PLoS Biol 13: e1002128, 2015.
Wickland A, Foster SD, and Roy AA. Getting back on the horse: Sport-specific return to play in rodeo athletes after concussion injury. J Athl Train 53: 657-661, 2018.
Downloads
Posted
Versions
- 2023-05-11 (2)
- 2022-04-29 (1)
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Dustin Oranchuk, LeeAnne Gullet, Michael Kicia, Brandon Thome, Alex Game
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
